The Haenyeo of Jeju

The Haenyeo (Hangul: 해녀), literally meaning “sea women,” are an extraordinary group of female divers from Jeju Island, South Korea. Without the aid of modern scuba gear, these women free-dive to depths of up to 20 meters to harvest seafood such as abalone, sea urchins, octopus, and seaweed. More than just a traditional occupation, the Haenyeo embody the resilience, independence, and cultural richness of Korea’s coastal heritage.

Historical Background

The tradition of Haenyeo diving dates back to at least the 17th century. Interestingly, it was once predominantly a male occupation, but during the Joseon Dynasty, women gradually took over due to various socio-political and environmental factors. Men were often conscripted into wars or died at sea, leading women to become the primary breadwinners.

Over time, women proved to be well-suited for the physically demanding role. Their higher body fat percentage made them more tolerant to cold water, and their strong communal bonds helped them thrive in a cooperative system. By the 18th and 19th centuries, women divers became a norm in Jeju, traveling as far as Japan to collect shellfish for trade.

The Daily Life of a Haenyeo

Haenyeo typically begin their day early and work for 4 to 6 hours, diving multiple times to collect marine products. Their gear is minimal: a wetsuit, a diving mask, fins, gloves, and a weight belt. Some still wear the traditional cotton bathing suit called “mulot.”

Diving is done in groups for safety and support. One of their distinct practices is emitting a whistling sound called “sumbi” upon surfacing. This sound allows others to know they are safe and also helps manage breathing intervals. With each dive, they hold their breath for up to two minutes, navigating rocky seafloors and avoiding dangers such as jellyfish or underwater currents.

Community and Culture

Haenyeo culture is tightly knit and built on principles of cooperation and mutual aid. They often gather in stone shelters called “bulteok” to rest, share meals, and pass on diving knowledge. The culture encourages mentorship, where experienced divers train the young through direct instruction and storytelling.

Rituals and traditions are deeply embedded in their way of life. Offerings to the sea goddesses are common, particularly at the start of diving seasons. Songs, dances, and folk tales enrich the cultural fabric surrounding their work, highlighting a deep spiritual and emotional connection to the sea.

Recognition and Preservation

In 2016, UNESCO recognized the culture of Jeju Haenyeo as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. The designation celebrates their sustainable fishing practices, matriarchal social structure, and oral traditions.

Organizations like the Haenyeo Museum and various academic institutions now aim to document and preserve this heritage. Documentaries, photo exhibitions, and cultural festivals help raise awareness and inspire younger generations.

Challenges and Future Outlook

Despite global recognition, the number of active Haenyeo is dwindling. In the 1960s, there were nearly 30,000 Haenyeo; today, fewer than 3,500 remain, most of whom are over the age of 60. Modern alternatives, environmental degradation, and the physically taxing nature of the job deter younger women from taking up the mantle.

However, there is a growing interest in cultural revival and eco-tourism. Programs that support training new divers, offer financial incentives, and highlight the importance of sustainable marine practices aim to keep the spirit of Haenyeo alive.

The Haenyeo of Jeju Island represent more than just a unique profession. They are a symbol of female strength, ecological mindfulness, and cultural resilience. Their story is a compelling chapter in Korea’s maritime history and a reminder of humanity’s capacity to live harmoniously with nature. Preserving their legacy is not just a cultural imperative, but a global one.